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Summary: Cancer
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Read the summary and the most important questions on cancer
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1 L1 definitions and nomenclature
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What is a tumour/neoplasm? cause?
abnormal mass of tissue, excessive/uncoordinated than normal tissues.
Continues to grow in that manner even after causative stimuli removed
Proliferation AUTONOMOUS
clonal- from single cell, but develop heterogeneity -
suffix of BENIGN tumour with mesenchymal origin (fibroblast) (cartilage) (bone)
-oma (fibroma) (chondroma) (osteoma) -
suffix of BENIGN tumour with epithelial originIf derived from glandIf finger-like projection or warty appearanceIf large hollow massesIf papillary pattern goes into cyst-like space
oma
Adenoma
Papilloma - or Polyp if protrudes above mucosal surface- pedunculated (stalk) or sessile (no stalk).
Cystadenoma
Papillary Cystadenoma -
suffix of MALIGNANT tumour with epithelial origin
carcinoma
either squamous cell or adenocarcinoma -
suffix of MALIGNANT tumour with mysechymal origin
-sarcoma
e.g –Fibrosarcoma (fibroblast), chondrosarcoma (cartilage), leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle), rhabdomyosarcoma (connective tissues) -
TNM staging system
T- extent of primary tumour
N- extent of local lymph node metastasis
M- distant metastasis present? -
2 L1 Regulation of cell cycle and tumour growth
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How many cells are needed for tumour to be clinically detectable?
1x10^9 cells (30 doublings, 1cm wide) -
maximum size tumour you can survive with
1x10^12 (40 doublings, 1kg in weight) -
Checkpoints in cell cycle?
G1 checkpoint - environment favourable? enough nutrients/nucleotides? is there a growth signal?
S checkpoint - is all the DNA replicated? enviro favourable?
G2 checkpoint - are all the chromosomes attached to the spindle? -
Phase in which cell is responsive to external signals
G1 until restriction point
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