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Summary: Case 4 Muscle
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Read the summary and the most important questions on Case 4 Muscle
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1 What is the influence of essential aminoacids on insulin sensitivity/resistance? (BGK)
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Which aminoacids influence insulin sensitivity?
Branched aminoacids influence insulin sensitivity.- valine
- leucine
- isoleucine
These are essential aminoacids. They are 35% of the essential aminoacids in muscle proteins. -
Which enzymes are involved in BCAA metabolism?
Branched-chain aminotransferase (BCAT) and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH). -
Which aminoacids are most related with insulin resistance?
BCAAs, aromatic AA and BCAA byproducts are most related with obesity --> insulin resistance. -
Which aminoacids are increased in insulin resistance?
valine, leucine/isoleusine, alanine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamate/glutamine and ornithine. -
Why are the aminoacids elevated IR?
The aminoacids are elevated because there is an acceleration in protein degradation in IR. -
What is the role of mTOR in BCAAs and IR?
mTOR is a signalling molecule mediating the crosstalk between amino acids and insulin. -
How does the mTOR pathway work?
more BCAAs --> increased activation of mTOR --> increased S6K1 phosphorylation (activation) --> IRS1 -
What other substance play a role in insulin signalling and BCAAs?
PI3K -
2 What is the influence of myokines on muscle contraction? (BGK)
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Which myokines are released upon muscle contraction?
IL-6, IL-8, IL-15 -
3 What is the effect of decreased sensitivity on glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity? (BGK)
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How do lipid intermediates influence glucose uptake?
Lipid intermediates (diacylglycerol) block glucose uptake --> increasing glucose values
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