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• ICC Blok 3

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• What were some early definitions for culture?

  - Culture as a synonym for western civilization.
  - Savagery --> Barbarism --> Civilization.
  - Assumption of Western superiority.
  - Western civilization as the ultimate goal.
  --> Not very realistic...

• What are modern definitions of culture?

  - The total sum of beliefs, values  and norms sared by a group of people.
  - The collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.

• What is Hofstede Mental Prgramming?

  Van beneden naar boven (piramide):
  
  Universal - Human nature - biological
  Specific to groups - culture - learned.
  Specific to individuals - personality - inherited and learned.

• What are Hofstede Cultural Components?

  - Symbols: words, gestures, pictures, objects.
  - Heroes: alive, dead, real, imaginary.
  - Rituals: collective activities, socially essential.
  - Values: broad tendencies of preference.

• What is a subculture?

  It resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation of generations of human striving.
  They exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economical or social class, ethnicity or geographic region.

• What is ethnic identity?

  Refers to identification with and perceived and acceptance into a group with shared heritage and culture.

• What is the effect of culture on sensing?

  Although the differences are minimal, individuals raised in diverse cultures can behave as though they actually sense different things

• What is high context?

  Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context. Examples: China, Japan, Korea, American Indian, Most Latin American cultures, Southern and eastern Mediterranean cultures, such as Greece, Turkey, and Arab states

• What kind of face do low-context cultures use?

  With a greater concern for privacy and autonomy, they tend to use direct-face negotiation and express more self-face maintenance.

• What kind of face do high-context cultures use?

  With a greater concern for interdependece and inclusion, they tend to use indirect-face negotiation and express more Mutual face or other-face maintenance.