Read the summary and the most important questions on Driving Forces in Chemistry, Physics and Biology | PCC

• 1 Driving Forces

• 1.1 Examples of spontaneaous processes

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• What drives a heat flow?

  (a difference in) temperature.

• What drives a mass flow?

  • A concentration gradient (form high to low conc.)
  • A difference in affinity
  • >>A difference in chemical potential

• 1.2 Forces and Driving Forces

• What are apparent driving forces?

  Whenever there is a gradient in an intensive parameter a process tends to proceed. (dont have to -> conteracting foces).

• What are intensive parameters?

  quintaties like temperature, pressure, concentration, density, electrical potential and chemical potential. 

  These are indepentent of the extent of the system,

• What are extensive parameters

  Like mass and volume.

  Extensive kun je optellen (volume + volume = 2x volume) Intensive niet.

• 1.3 Forces drive pocesses to a state of equilibrium

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• What is achieved when conversion of one form of energy in another occurs?

  Equilibruim stat. (NOT perse rest!)

• What are dissipative processes?

  Real processes have dissipative phenomena, like friction and trbulense. 

  These are associated with decrease in amount of energy available for work.

  In this way the entropy of the universe increases in ANY spntanious (real) process.

  So these are associated with increase of thermal energy at expense of potential or non-random kinetic energy

• 2 From driving Forces behand Transport to Chemical Potential

• What does the First Law say?

  Energy cannot be spoilt in a quantatative sens. 

• What does the second law say?

  Energy can be spoilt in a qualitative sente -> degraded kind of energy. delta S is groter dan 0

• 2.2 And potential energies are related to driving forves

• What are two types of molecular motion?

  • Presence of an external field (classical physical force)
  • Concentration gradient ( Fcem)