Read the summary and the most important questions on Organic Chemistry II | Teris van Beek

• 1 Preview Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes and Ketones

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• Which suffix is used for aldehydes?

  -al

• How are aldehydes called in which the CHO group is directly bound to an ring?

  carbaldehydes

• How is a R-C=O group called?

  acyl group

• How can aldehydes be synthesized?

  oxidation of primary alcohols

  oxidative cleavage of alkenes with vinylic nitrogen using ozone

  certain carboxylic acid derivates can be partially reduced to aldehydes

• How can ketones be synthesized?

  oxidation of secondary alcohols

  oxidative cleavage of alkenes with disubstituted unsaturated carbon atom using ozone

  Friedel-Crafts acylation of an aromatic ring with acid chloride in the presence of AlCl3

  hydration of terminal alkynes in presence of Hg2+ catalyst

• Why can aldehydes be oxidated, but ketones not?  

  aldehydes have a -CHO proton that can be abstracted

• Which katalyst is mainly used for aldehyde-oxidation to yield carboxylic acids?

  CrO3 in acidic medium

  if less stable compounds are used, Tollens' reagent ( Ag2O in aqueous ) is a more common choice

• Which intermediates are formed during aldehyde oxidation?

  1,1-diols (or hydrates) with two OH groups at the C

• How may ketones be oxidised?

  very slowly with KMnO4, where the C-C bond next to the carbonyl group is broken, yielding carboxylic acids

• How does the nucleophilic addition of aldehydes or ketones take place?

  A nucleophil approaches the C

  Rehybridization of the carbonyl from sp2 to sp3 occurs

  An electron pair from the double bond adds to the O forming an alkoxide ion intermediate

  Protonation from H3O+ gives an alkohol plus water