Read the summary and the most important questions on Principles of animal nutrition

• 1 Introduction

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• Essential/indispensable nutrients

  - Can't be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts to satisfy the metabolic needs

• Criteria for animal feed

  - Has to be safe
  - matches physiological requirements
  - cheap to buy
  - environment friendly

• 2 chapter 1

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• Major categories for the building blocks for composing and functioning of the body

  - nucleic acids
  - proteins
  - carbohydrates
  - lipids
  - water and minerals 
  -> 2/3 of the water in the body is intracellular the remainder is extracellular fluid (blood and tissue fluid)

• Structural functions nutrients

  -Some nutrients function primarly in making up the structure of the animal body
  - main nutrients: protein, calcium, phosphorus

• Sources of energy nutrients

  - main energy requirements -> biochemical energy required for maintenance and growth of living tissue
  - main nutrients: carbohydrates and lipids
  - protein can be metabolized to yield energy, but it is more expensive than the other 2

• Regulatory functions of nutrients

  Sodium, potassium, chlorine
  

  • maintaining fluid balance

  Vitamins and most minerals 
  

  • function as cofactors/activators of enzymes 

• Main role of amino acids

  - monomeric unit from which proteins are synthesized
  - important source of energy (mainly glucose)
  - amino acids are needed for physiological processes which go on throughout life

• Requirements of a production animal is determined by

  - Amino acid composition of the synthesized product
  - Level of production

• Chemical and physical structure of amino acids

  - Basis structure -> R-COOH(NH2) 
  - Usually the amino group is bound to the alpha-C-atom
  - The presence of N in all amino acids is used in the proximate analysis of proteins
  - on average N-content is 16%
  - Crude protein is calculated as 6.25*N-content
  - Almost all natural occurring amino acids are in the L-configuration   

• Metabolism of amino acids

  - Amino acids used for protein synthesis become available either as the end-product of digestion or as the results of synthetic processes within the body
  - For synthesis all the necessary amino acids must be present at the same time