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• Vragen van de weekopdrachten

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• Gestures are physically real events that unfold during speech production. This means that according to Articulatory Phonology (1 answer):  A. Gestures are discrete mental objects that are mapped onto dynamic actions.B. Gestures correspond to both features and segments.C. Gestures do not correspond to either features or segments.D. Gestures are basic units of contrast among lexical items as well as units of articulatory action.  

  D. Gestures are basic units of contrast among lexical items as well as units of articulatory action.

• Basic assumptions underlying the motor theory of speech perception are (multiple choice): A. Parity, meaning that as speech serves a communicative function, production and perception must share a common currency.B. Parity, meaning that production and perception must be entrained to serve its communicative purpose.C. Coarticulation distorts gestures irreparibly.D. The motoric objects of speech production are phonetic gestures or actual vocal tract movements.

  A. Parity, meaning that as speech serves a communicative function, production and perception must share a common currency.

  C. Coarticulation distorts gestures irreparibly.

• The core claim of the motor theory of speech perception is (1 answer): A. Speech processing is a specialization in the biological sense.B. Perceiving speech is perceiving gestures.C. Speech processing is special.D. The motor system is recruited for perceiving speech.

  D. The motor system is recruited for perceiving speech.

• Which of the following statements is true (1 answer)? Acording to the fuzzy logic model of speech perception: A. People remember speech sounds in a probablistic, or graded, way.B. People remember descriptions of the perceptual units of language, called prototypes. C. Features are not binary (true or false) -- there is a fuzzy value corresponding to how likely it is that a sound belongs to a particular speech category.D. All are true.

  D. All are true.

• In a gestural intrusion error, the intended gesture is co-produced with a conflicting gesture. Browman & Goldstein's strong hypothesis (p.37) entails that this is not necessarily caused by a phrasing error.  A. TrueB. False 

  B. False

• A tract variable is (1 answer): A. A control parameter governing sets of articulators organized into a coordinated structure. B. A set of articulators that is used to achieve a vocal tract constriction. C. A vocal tract constriction.D. A motion of individual articulators that is characterized dynamically. 

  A. A control parameter governing sets of articulators organized into a coordinated structure.

• According to Massaro & Chen, when perceiving a speech signal, the decision about what is actually heard is based on the relative goodness of the match between the stimulus information and values of particular prototypes. A. TrueB. False

  A. True

• According to the motor theory of speech perception, essentially, listeners interpret the acoustic signal in terms of articulatory states and movements that would produce that signal. The listeners reconstruct the intended gestures of phonetic categories. A. TrueB. False

   A. True

• The amount of gestural overlap is a function of (multiple choise): A. speech errorsB. The organs used for making the constrictionC. Speech style (e.g. formal vs. casual)D. DietE. Linguistic constraintsF. Speech rate

  B. The organs used for making the constriction

  C. Speech style (e.g. formal vs. casual)

  E. Linguistic constraints

  F. Speech rate

• Gestures are task-specific vocal tract actions, not physical movements of the vocal tract articulators themselves. A. TrueB. False

  A. True