Read the summary and the most important questions on Understanding Motivation and Emotion, 6th Edition | 9781118804704 | Johnmarshall Reeve

• 1 Introduction

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• Five ways that you can know motivation when you see it

  Behavior, engagement, psychophysiology, brain activations and self-report

• Behavior effort that indicate motivation

  Persistence, latency, choice, probability of response,
  facial expressions and bodily gestures

• Engagement is a multidimensional construct that consists of the four distinct

  1. Behavior
     
  2. Emotion
  3. Cognition
  4. Agency

• 2 Motivation and emotion in historical perspective

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• Grand theories: Instrinct

  • Charles darwin's proposed instinct to explain apparently prewired adaptive behavior. This way he coul explain where the motivational force came from: a physical substance, the genetic endowment.
    
  • William James proposed the first psychological instinct theory of motivation which held that all that was needed to translate an instinct into an impulse for action was the presence of an appropriate stimulus.
  • McDougall regarded instincts as irrational and automatic motivational forces that oriented a person toward a particular goal.
  • The difference between James and McDougall was the extreme assertion of McDougall that without instincts human being would initiate no action. 
    

• 3 The motivated and emotional brain

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• the posterior superior temporal sulcus

  processes what you are seeing and rather instinctively (automatically) knows that the person is happy and friendly

• functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

  The fMRI detects changes in brain activity as active brain areas are fueled by glucose and oxygen.

• Striatum and nuclues accumbens

  Responsive to dopamine signals of reward in terms of pleasure and liking

• Ventral tegmental area

  Manufactures and releases dopamine to send forward the reward related information about the enviromental object

• Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

  Evaluates the unlearned emotional value of basic sensory rewards and internal bodily states. Responsible for emotional control.

• Anterior cingulate cortex

  Monitors motivational conflicts. Resolves conflicts by recruiting other cortical brain structures for executive or cognitive control over basic urges and emotions.