Read the summary and the most important questions on Week 2

• 1 Week 2

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• Why is there an emphasis on socio-economic integration? (6 answers)

  • Structural integration as driver of other forms of integration
  • Structural integration as driver of life changes
  • Economic inefficiency
  • Contrast with notion of fairness
  • Social cohesion
  • Policy perspective: more instruments, less controversial

• How are gender roles and religiosity related to female labour force participation? (khoudja and fleischmann)

  A stronger endorsement of traditional gender role attitudes is negatively related to Female LFP (in addition to human capital and household conditions). Religiosity is negatively associated with LFP (weak evidence on this relation), and that this relationship is explained by more traditional gender role attitudes.

• How can lower educational outcomes among immigrants be explained? 

  - migration policies: selection effect. Both higher as lower education groups of migrants can be explained because of selection procedures.

• What are the differences in labour market position in comparison to natives (according to figures)?

  • Unemployment 2 to 3 times as high among immigrants (Youth: 28% vs 10%)
  • Less paid labour (53% vs 70%) lower among refugees
  • More often in flexible working contracts
  • Lower occupational levels
  • Lower income

• How does human and social capital influence the labour market position of immigrants?

  -Social capital: Difference in bridging (inter) and bonding (intra) social capital. Contact with natives has a strong effect on occupational status. Migrants have relatively fewer native friend, less contact via dutch organisation, less human capital of partner.
  -Human capital: personal traits such as knowledge, skills, talents. Migrants tend to have less human capital. This could be context-specific human capital Human capital obtained in destination country is less valuable in host country. Also an effect of migration policy (guestworkers vs high educated)

• Heath et al. studied the educational and labour market outcomes of second generation immigrants. What were there most important results?

  -Education
  oSubstantially lower among 2nd generation from less-developed non-European origins (e.g. Turks, Moroccans, Pakistani)
  oSmaller differences among 2nd generation from European ancestry
  oOutperformance among Indian and Chinese
  -Labour market outcomes
  oSubstantially lower among 2nd generation from less-developed non-European origins (e.g. Turks, Moroccans, Pakistani)
  oSmaller differences among 2nd generation from European ancestry
  oNo groups with lower unemployment (no outperformance)

• Explanations of ethnic inequality (in education and labour market outcomes)

  - social background of parents
  - language skills
   - knowledge of schooling system
   - educational aspirations
   - social capital
   - segregation (neigbourhood)
   - discrimination and racism

• How does discrimination manifest itself according to Heath et al ?

  oStereotypes and lower expectations among teachers
  oRacist victimization among pupils. Pupils are the victim of racist bullying.
  oDiscrimination at the labour market 

• Cross-national explanation of ethnic inequalities (in education and labour market outcomes)

  - selective migration
   - attitudes (of host society)
   - migation integration policies (like naturalization)
   - general policies (education, labour market organization, social mobility)
   - national economic opportunities

• Define discrimination (treatment+impact)

  - Differential treatment: unequal treatment based on race or ethnicity
  
  - Disparate impact: equal treatment according to rules and procedures that themselves have no explicit racial content, but produce or reinforce racial disadvantage