Read the summary and the most important questions on Cases for construction materials and sustainability

• 2 crystal structures

• 2.1.1 amorphous

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• how is an amorphous solid created?

  when materials cool down rapidly from a molten state, atoms may not find enough time to position themselves in a regular array and create an amorphous solid

• 2.1.2.1 single and polycrystalline solids

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• wat is een polycrystalline solid?

  crystalline solids die resulteren uit accumulatie van meerder crystals

• 2.2 metallic crystal structures

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•  what is a nondirectional bond?

  they can be formed in all directions unlike covalent bonds

• 2.2.1 coordination number and atomic packing

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• formula for density in crystal

  
   
  

  •   P is the theoretical density of the material
  • n is the number of atoms inside the unit cell
  • A is the atomic mass
  • Vc is the volume of the unit cell
  • Na is the Avogadro's constant

• 2.3.1 the six crystal families

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• possible three dimensional unit cells

  cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic, hexagonal (trigonal and rhomboherdral), monoclinic and triclinic

• 2.3.2 crystallographic directions and planes

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• methodology for determining the Miller indices

  1. choose your origin nearest to the plane
  2. make sure that the plane is not passing through the origin. If it passes, use a parallel plane that is one lattice constant further
  3. find the values where the plane intersects x, y and z axes
  4. take the reciprocals of the intersecting values
  5. if necessary, multiply or divide the values with a common factor to bring them to the smallest integers possible
  6. present the Miller indices between parentheses, without using comma or semicolon between the numbers

• 2.3.3 linear and planar atomic density

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• two density parameters

  linear atomic density, planar atomic density

• 2.4 crystal imperfections

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• classify crystal imperfections based on their dimensions

  • 0-dimensional: point defects
  • 1-D: line defects
  • 2-D: surfaces and grain boundaries

• 3 mechanical properties of materials

• 3.2.4 stress-strain curves

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• difference true stress-strain curve and engineering stress-strain curves

  stress is calculated by dividing the applied force by the Original area of the test specimen

• some linear elastic materials and some non-linear elastic materials

  linear=structural steel, glass, carbon fiber, aluminum alloy, polystyrene
  nonlinear=concrete, cast iron, rubber, natural rocks, PVC