Samenvatting - Class notes - BMS 212

• 1460930400 Exam 1

• Morphology is the:

   Characteristic size, shape and arrangements of the organism
• The core of every virus particle always contains

  either DNA or RNA
• All of the following are true except:
  
  A) Resolution is the ability to separate 2 closely spaced objects
  B) Magnification of a specimen is only limited by the lens you use
  C) Contrast separates organisms from the background
  D) Resolution is dependent on a fixed quantity and a variable component
  E) Bright field is considered the most common microscopy

  B) Magnification is also affected by the eyepiece
• During replication a virus seizes control of host cells synthetic and genetic machinery. This control dictates everything about the viral life cycle except:
  
  A) The level of pathogenicity
  B) How it is transmitted to another cell 
  C) How our immune defenses will respond
  D) All 3
  E) A and C

  D) All 3 are correct
• T/F The prokaryotic cell membrane is a site for protein synthesis

  False - synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm
• The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants prior to surgery was:

  Joseph Lister
• Under a microscope, the specimen is unstained and bright in appearance. The background is black. Internal detail is poor but the outline is very clear. Which microscope is being used?

  Dark field microscope
• Which is not a component of cell walls:
  
  A) peptidoglycan
  B) lipotechoic acid
  C) mycolic acid
  D) tetrapeptide
  E) tubulin

  E) tubulin
• A ____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus

  Capsid
• Bacteria store nutrients in ______

  Inclusions
• Why is agar so commonly used?

  It can not be metabolized by bacteria for growth
• What are the 5 stages of bacteriophage infection?

  1) Attack - attachment to specific receptors
  2) Penetration - lysozymes open cell wall, DNA inserted into cell
  3) Replication - Host DNA degraded, host cell replicates viral DNA
  4) Assembly - Self assembly and transduction occur
  5) Release  - cell lyses, virus is released
• Transduction

  Bacterial genes are incorporated into and spread by the viral DNA
• Which phase of the bacteriophage infection is lysozyme critical to?

  Both entry and release
• The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is:

  in the nucleolus
• Gram + bacteria cells could contain all of the following except:
  
  A) Fimbria
  B) Cell membranes
  C) Flagella
  D) Endospores
  E) Sex pilus

  E) sex pili are found only on gram - bacteria
• Pili

  • Gram - organisms
  • Used in conjugation
  • Made of pilin
• Conjugation

  • Via a pili, DNA of another cell is copied and transferred back to original cell to learn a new trait like resistance, toxin production, etc.
    
• Fimbriae

  • Rodlike, filamentous structures
  • Used for:
  •    Adherence
  •    Biofilm Formation
  •    Communication
  •    Movement 
• Sarcina

  Cocci arrangement, packets of 8 - 64 cells arranged in a cube
• Diplo

  cell arrangement, 2 together
• Tetrad

  cell arrangement, 4 together in a square
• Vibrio

  V- shaped bacteria
• Spirilla

  • Stiff Spiral
  • Mostly non-pathogenic
  • Flagella are on outside
• Spirochete

  • Flexible Spiral
  • Disease causing
  • Flagella on inside (corkscrew motion)
• Pleomorphic

  Bacteria shape = random shape/ shapeless
• Taxonomy is used for ____ and ____

  Classification and Identification
• Person who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorgansims

  Van Leeuwenhoek
• e- transport and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the _____ membrane of the mitochondria

  Inner
• A petri plate with an unintended, unknown organism is:

  a contaminated culture
• Host range is limited by ___

  The type of host cell receptors on the cell membrane **
• If the GC content of 2 organisms is both 45%, the organisms are
  
  A) definitely related
  B) definitely not related
  C) may or may not be related
  D) the AT content = 65%
  E) they are definitely related and the AT content = 65%

  C) may or may not be related. also, % must = 100
• What are the 4 tenants of Germ theory of disease/ Koch's postulates?

  1) Must be present in every case
  2) Must be isolated in the lab
  3) Reinnoculation must cause the disease
  4) Must be able to be reisolated
• In eukaryotic flagella and cilia, 9+2 means ...

  Discribes the microtubule arrangement in the filament
• Endosymbiosis is:

  Where one organism is taken into another and they both mutually benefit
• Which of the following help identify and classify bacteria?
  
  A) microscopic examination
  B) culture characteristics
  C) biochemical tests
  D) nucleic acid analysis
  E) all of the above

  E) all of the above
• What did the swan neck flask in pasteur's experiment prove?

  That dust contained microorganisms that contaminated the broth
• Asexual spores reproduce via

  mitosis
• The role of aerial hyphae is

  to produce spores
  = reproductive portion of thallus
• Pseudohyphae

  • Budding yeast does not separate from parent, forms a long strand/ hyphae
    
  • Typically pathogenic 
    
• Haustoria

  • Modified Hyphae structure
  • Allows fungi to penetrate host to absorb nutrients
• Thallus

  • Composed of hyphae/ aerial hyphae
  • Non-reproductive/ vegetative body of a fungus
• Mycelium

  Hyphae intertwined to form a tangled mass
• Cytoskeletal structure instrumental in ameboid movement of eukaryotic cells:

  Microfilaments
• Lysogenic Phage

  Infects the host cell, integrates their DNA into host DNA, replicates within the host cell
• Ehrlich is credited with which field of Microbiology?

  - Chemotherapy
  - "magic bullets" against syphilis
• Capsomere proteins that make up the face sides of an icosahedron

  Hexon
• Capsomere proteins that make up the corners of an icosahedron

  Pentons
• Which type of microscopy require that the specimen is sliced into thin sections?

  TEM
• What type of microscopy gives you a highly detailed, 3D image of the study sample?

  SEM