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• Why is its crucial to guard against failing in QL research?

  To carry out true analysis

• What are the broad guidelines against failing?

  1. General strategies of QL data analysis: Analytic induction and grounded theory. 
  2. Basic operations in QL data analysis: Coding. 
  3. Thematic analysis: Common description to summarise how researcher went about their task 
  4. Narrative analysis: Is an approach to QL data analysis, is to a certain extent different in style from the emphasis of coding that can be seen in both grounded theory and thematic analysis.

• What do we know about ground theory? Not the tools ect.

  1. Most widely used framework for analysing QL data
  2. Developed by glaser and strauss in slightly different ways.

• What do we know about coding in grounded theory?

  > central process in grounded theory
  > giving labels (names) to component parts that seem to be of potential theoretical significance and/or that appear to be particularly salient (uitspringend) within the social worlds of those being studied.
  > label, separate, compile and organise data
  > first step in generation of theory
  > tends to be in a constant state of potential revision and fluidity
  > data retreated as potential indicators of concepts, and the indicators are constantly compared to see which concepts they fit best

• What are the 3 types of coding stages by Strauss and Corbin?

  1.Open coding: breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualising and categorising data. Develop concepts that are later turned into categories.
  2.Axial coding; data are put back together in new ways after open coding, by making connections between categories. Linking codes to contexts, consequences, patterns of interaction and to causes.
  3.Selective coding: selecting a core category, systematically relating it to other categories.
  Core categories: categories which form the hub of the storyline that the other categories are related to.

• What is the criticism on grounded theory?

  > can researchers suspend their awareness of relevant theories or concepts until quite a late stage in the process of analysis? Theory-neutral observation?
  > many researchers are required to spell out the possible implications of their planned investigation.
  > practical difficulties; time
  > does it really result in theory? Generates concepts but often difficult to see what theory is being put forward. Not always made clear how they relate to broader range of phenomena.
  > vague on certain points, such as difference between concepts and categories.
  > loss of sense of context and of narrative flow when fragmenting data by coding. 

• What are the problems with coding?

  > loosing context of what is said.
  > fragmentation of data, narrative (verhaal) flow is lost
  > not all data may be suited for coding

• QN vs QL introduction

  - Epistemological and ontological commitments are not deterministic. They are tendencies but not definitive connections. 
  - The research methods are much more free-floating then is sometimes supposed.

• The natural science model and QL research

  The links forged between epistemology and matter of research method is that they often entail a characterization of natural sciences as necessary of inherently positivist in orientations. 
  
  What are the 3 difficulties here?   
  1. No agreement on the epistemological basis of the natural sciences.  
  2. Written accounts of natural scientists' work are often different from what they really do
  3. The term positivist is used in different ways

• QL research frequently exhibits features that one would associate with a natural science model. Please explain:

  - Empiricists overtones: Direct contact with social reality as the springboard for any investigations. 
  - A specific problem focus: QL can be employed to investigate quite specific, tightly defined research problems. 
  - Hypothesis and theory testing 
  - Realism: critical realism- accepts neither a constructionist nor an objectivist ontology an instead takes the view that the ‘social world is reproduced and transformed in daily life’. Social phenomena are produced by mechanisms that are real, but that are not directly accessible to observation. An entity can exist independently of our knowledge of it