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Samenvatting - Class notes - General Medicine
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1613343600 Examination and diagnosis
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What is the current definition of health (and who made it)The ability to adapt and self manage in the face of social, physical, and emotional challenges (
BMJ ,2011 ) -
How does the current definition of health differ from the 1946-definition of health by the WHO?Definition: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946)
Differ: The Who definition of health as complete wellbeing is no longer fit for purpose given the rise of chronic disease. Machteld Huber and colleageus propose changing the emphasis towards the ability to adapt and self manage in the face of social, physical and emotional challenges. -
What are the most common reasons for GP visits?
- Hypertension
- Urinary tract infections
- Diabetes
- Coughing
- Fatigue
- Acute upper airway infections
- Hypertension
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The GP is part of ...... Care
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What does the acronym ICE stand for?Idea Concerns Expectations
What are the ideas, concerns or expectations of the patient?
Voorbeeld met jongetje met leukemie, dokter maakt zich zorgen over het process en de chemo etc maar het jongetje maakt zich zorgen over of hij nog wel kan zwemmen in de zomer en lekker naar het strand kan gaan. Door naar ICE te vragen kun je meer betekenen voor de patiënt. -
Which 3 steps are made in the diagnostic process?
- History - everything the patient can tell you (
GP ) - Examination - what you can see, hear, feel, smell (
GP ) - Inspection - kijken
- Auscultation - horen
- Percussion - kloppen + luisteren naar de geluiden
- Palpation - voelen en soms druk uitoefenen
- Investigation - imaging or
sampling (hospital)
- History - everything the patient can tell you (
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Where do you need to think about when taking the anamnesis?
- Duration and severity of symptoms
- Localisation of pain, situation
- Family history, smoking, occupation
- Medication
- Past medical history
- Duration and severity of symptoms
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What is the mechanics of patient history?
- Chief complaint
- History of present illness
- Past medical history
- Medications & allergies
- Family history
- Social history
- Chief complaint
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3 strategies to taking a good patient history
- Listen well and empathise
- listen with your whole body
- keep questions to a minimum
- Summarize
- go over data with the patient
- ICE
- ideas
- concerns
- expectations
- Listen well and empathise
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Out of which parts does a physical examination consists
- Inspection
- kijken
- Auscultation
- luisteren
- Percussion
- tapping on the patient and listening to the sounds
- Palpation
- voelen
- Inspection
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What can be further investigations after taking a GP (usually in hospital setting)
- Laboratory (blood, urine)
- Tissue biopsy
- Imaging techniques
- X-ray or CT-scan
- PET scan
- MRI
- Spirometry
- ECG
- Laboratory (blood, urine)
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X-rays
- Principle
- Used for imaging what?
- Resolution ( + or +/- or -)
- Risk (+ or -)
Nog -
CT-scan
- Principle
- Used for imaging what?
- Resolution ( + or +/- or -)
- Risk (+ or -)
Nog -
PET-scan
- Principle
- Used for imaging what?
- Resolution ( + or +/- or -)
- Risk (+ or -)
Nog -
MRI
- Principle
- Used for imaging what?
- Resolution ( + or +/- or -)
- Risk (+ or -)
Nog -
1613516400 Diabetes
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The
prevalence of diabetes and proportion of type 2 diabetes1 in 10
90% -
The trend in diabetes numbers increase
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What are the consequences of diabetes?
- Cardiovascular disease
- Blindness
- Kidney failure
- Cardiovascular disease
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What is the involvement of liver, skeletal muscles, fat tissue, intestines and pancreas in diabetes?The liver, skeletal muscles and fat tissue are stimulated to take up glucose when insulin is secreted by the pancreas. This secretion happens when food is ingested and absorbed by the intestine, causing the blood glucose to rise.
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How does insulin controls the blood glucose?Rising glucose levels stimulates beta-cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin; stimulates uptake of glucose in skeletal muscles, liver, and adipose tissue, and suppresses glucose output of the liver. After a while, insulin levels go down while the liver starts to release glucose again, while glucose uptake in insulin sensitive tissues will be reduced. This all prevents hypoglycemia (= a to low blood glucose level) and provides glucose to tissues who rely on glucose as an energy source (e.g. the brain).
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Four main types of diabetes
- Diabetes type 1
- usually young
- Diabetes type 2 --> 90%
- older, obese, family history
Gastational diabetes- Rare types of diabetes
- genetic
- pancreas
- disease
medicins - toxins
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Common characteristic of diabetes typesHyperglycemia
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What are the characteristics of pre-diabetes?Increased fasting blood glucose and impaired glucose tolerance
- Pre diabetes is broken down into two
subtypes . One type of people werecharacterized by increased with non diabetic fastingglucose levels, this condition is called impaired fastingglucose . The other typecharacterized by people with elevatedglucose levels after mealingestion and this condition is called impairedglucose tolerance. Many people are not aware about a pre diabetic state and hence their risk of becoming diabetic. - Impaired fasting
glucose (IFG ) - Impaired
glucose tolerance (IGT )
- Pre diabetes is broken down into two
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What are the characteristics of type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance and inadequate beta-cell function- Insulin action --> insulin resistance
Beta-cell function -->Beta-cell failure
Both of these characteristics are already present in thepre-diabetic state and likely already earlier.Hyperglycaemia = increased blood glucose - Insulin action --> insulin resistance
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What is the prevalence of diabetes worldwide?463 million people living with diabetes in 2019, of which 50% is undiagnosed
In The Netherlands- >1.000.000 patients with diabetes
- more than 350.000 have the disease but are not diagnosed
Especially in Africa, a huge new burden of disease in the next 25 years. -
What is the percentage of people with type 2 diabetes?90%-95%
- 1.5 million new patients per year in the US (
2018 ), >90% type 2 diabetes (incidence ) - In US 40% of people will develop (type 2)
diabtes during their lifetime (lifetimeincidence )
- 1.5 million new patients per year in the US (
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What are the three reasons why the number of diabetics will increase to 700 million in 2045?
- Increased life expectancy (mensen worden steeds ouder)
- Increasing rate of obesity
- Growth of the population
- Increased life expectancy (mensen worden steeds ouder)
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Is CVD typical for affluent countries?
No -
differences in prevalence between ethnic groups: possible causes
- Genetics
- socioeconomic status
- Genetics
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difference between prevalence, prevalence proportion, and incidence
Prevalence is a number
Prevalence proportion is in percentage
Incidence is a number of new cases per year -
How the
incidence of diabetes can be reducedPrevention of overweight and obesity -
Why does diabetes reduces life expectancy?comorbidities such as stroke, kidney disease, neuropathy
(- Overall life
expectancy of a diabetes patient is reduced by 4-6 years - Diabetes caused 4.2 million deaths in
2019 - Associated with 11.3% of all global deaths
- Stroke;
blindness ; heart attack; Kidney failure;amputation
- Overall life
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After studying this chapter you need to know:- The physical signs of diabetes (see Examination)
- Complications of diabetes
- Molecular structure of insulin, its origin and its function
- Normal values for blood glucose, glucose production and glucose use (see also criteria for diabetes, Box 23.7)
- how blood gluose is regulated in the body (text and Fig 23.5)
- How diabetes is classified
- the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes (text and Box 23.5)
- prevalence and possible causes for type 1 diabetes
- prevalence and risk factors for type 2 diabetes (use the box below)
- clinical presentation of diabetes
- how diabetes is diagnosed
- purpose of the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test
- the role of diet in the management of diabetes (note that ‘sugarfree’ products are not mentioned)
- definition of hypoglycaemia, its signs and symptoms, and its relation with insulin
- cause and consequences of diabetic ketoacidosis
- how diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, feet, and nerve system (overview, not detail)
- prevalence of diabetic retinopathy
- how diabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, with normal values in Box 23.26
- The physical signs of diabetes (see Examination)
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For type 2 diabetes, what are the main risk factors?Ageing, obesity (80-85% of the overall risk of developing type 2 diabetes), diet (saturated fat), physical inactivity
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Based on the risk factors you can conclude that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable
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Laatst toegevoegde flashcards
How the incidence of diabetes can be reduced
Prevention of overweight and obesity
The prevalence of diabetes and proportion of type 2 diabetes
1 in 10
90%
90%
Xanthomata
A yellowish-orange, lipid-filled nodule or papule in the skin, often on an eyelid or over a joint.
(Pathology) pathol the presence in the skin of fatty yellow or brownish plaques or nodules, esp on the eyelids, caused by a disorder of lipid metabolism
(Pathology) pathol the presence in the skin of fatty yellow or brownish plaques or nodules, esp on the eyelids, caused by a disorder of lipid metabolism
Troponin
A calcium-regulated protein, composed of three subunits, that is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and regulates contraction by interacting with tropomyosin to control the binding of myosin to actin. Blood troponin levels are a biomarker for muscle damage, as in myocardial infarction.
a protein in muscle tissue that with tropomyosin is involved in the controlling of muscle contraction
a protein in muscle tissue that with tropomyosin is involved in the controlling of muscle contraction
Triglycerides
Any of a class of compounds that consist of an ester of glycerol with three fatty acids and that are the chief constituents of fats and oils.
A compound consisting of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.
A compound consisting of three fatty acids and glycerol that is the chief constituent of fats and oils.
Thrombus
A fibrinous clot formed in a blood vessel or chamber of the heart.
(Pathology) a clot of coagulated blood that forms within a blood vessel or inside the heart and remains at the site of its formation, often impeding the flow of blood. Compare embolus
(Pathology) a clot of coagulated blood that forms within a blood vessel or inside the heart and remains at the site of its formation, often impeding the flow of blood. Compare embolus
Pulse pressure
The variation in blood pressure occurring in an artery during the cardiac cycle; it is the difference between the systolic or maximum and diastolic or minimum pressures.
Plaque
1. A patch or small differentiated area on a body surface (for example, skin, mucosa, or arterial endothelium) or on the cut surface of an organ such as the brain; in skin, a circumscribed, elevated, superficial, and solid area exceeding 1 cm in diameter.
2. An area of clearing in a flat confluent growth of bacteria or tissue cells, such as that caused by the lytic action of bacteriophage in an agar plate culture of bacteria, by the cytopathic effect of certain animal viruses in a sheet of cultured tissue cells, or by antibody (hemolysin) produced by lymphocytes cultured in the presence of erythrocytes and to which complement has been added.
3. A sharply defined zone of demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis.
2. An area of clearing in a flat confluent growth of bacteria or tissue cells, such as that caused by the lytic action of bacteriophage in an agar plate culture of bacteria, by the cytopathic effect of certain animal viruses in a sheet of cultured tissue cells, or by antibody (hemolysin) produced by lymphocytes cultured in the presence of erythrocytes and to which complement has been added.
3. A sharply defined zone of demyelination characteristic of multiple sclerosis.
Nitrix oxide
Nog
Ischemia
Ischemia is an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
Local loss of blood supply due to mechanical obstruction (mainly arterial narrowing or disruption) of the blood vessel.
A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels.
Local loss of blood supply due to mechanical obstruction (mainly arterial narrowing or disruption) of the blood vessel.