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Samenvatting - Class notes - Land & Forage management
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1592258400 Land management introduction
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Which 7 factors define a landschape?- tectonic movements/vulcanism/parent material
- distance to sea/equator/water in general (climate,sea,river)
- climate
- land and soil type
- relief, topography
- plant succession
- human impact -
What is the WRB?World Reference Base
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Which systems are the Dutch and FAO systems?World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB)
Unified soil classification System (USCS)
USDA (National) -
What is the purpose of the different systems?- Summary of information
- comparison and communication aboutsoils
- evaluation ofsoils ; landsuitability
- for agriculture
- for specific cropping systems
- for construction -
What are 5 characteristics of the agricultural soils in NL?- Large variety of soil types
- animal husbandry across the country
- forage necessary for horses and ruminants
- cultivation for economic reasons
- increased focus on sustainable production -
What are the 4 features from a Dune?- protects against the sea
- provides drinking water
- recreation
- nature area -
What are the 4 features form a Hilly?- located in province zuid Limburg
- geology: plateau
- Highest point above sea level
- chalky (mergel) rock deposits, formerly used as fertilizer (CaCO3) -
What are the 5 features of the river or delta area?- Delta of Maas aan de Rijn rivers
- Netherlands: sink of europe?
- Riverside: Rivermade, of clay and sand
- Meadows in lower parts
- fruit trees ( region 'betuwe') -
What are two features of peat?- Higher areas -> Hoogveen in north. Lower areas -> Laagveen in west
- Used for grassland. North also for potatoes and used for flower bulbs on former peat soils (veenkoloniale gronden) -
Name the three features of sandNorth: Flat, relative high in soil organic matter (SOM); sand from the icetides
East: Mosaic landscape, slightly hilly; moderate SOM%; sand from German rivers
South: hilly (from Dutch perspective) low in SOM and sand from rivers -
Formulate 4 features of clay- Flat and open landscape
- near seashore: salt - loving plants
- rich soils
- in the north: man made hills, mounds (terpen), algae (Wieren) -
Where does LU stand for?Livestock units
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A good soil for crop growth (gewas) delivers:- plant nutrients
- moisture
- soil structure
- soil and crop health -
With which two ways can the soil be analysed if it is a good soil?1. Visual:
aggregates and earth worms
2. In laboratory:Contents of e.g. N,P,OM,Clay and PH value and others -
When will you do a visual soil assessment at a cropped soil
(gewas bodem bijv. Mais)?After harvest and before cultivation -
When will you do a visual soil assessment at a pastoral soils (bijv gewoon grass).One time late winter OR early spring
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1592517600 les 4 soil Chemistry
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What is the definition from soil fertility?The capacity of a specific soil to function within natural or managed ecosystem boundaries, to sustain plant and animal productivity, maintain or enhance water and air quality and support human health and habitation
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How much does a grasland+arable cropping (akkerbouw) costs?40-60000 per hectare
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Is there a relationship between the price and the soil quality/fertility?No
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Is a good soil priceless (onbetaalbaar)?Yes
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Name 6 macro nutrientsNitrogen (N)
Phosphate (P)
Sulphur (S)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Calcium (Ca) -
Name 4 Micro nutrientsBorim (B)
Iron (Fe)
Zinc (Zn)
Copper (Cu) -
Wherefor is protein essential?For all living organisms, and is required for growth and development
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Which material is one of the main elements in protein?Nitrogen
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Which material is also a component of nucleic acid, DNA, RNA, genes, chromosomes, enzymes, chlorophyll, secondary metabolites, and amino acids?Nitrogen
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What is the most important nutrient?Nitrogen
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Where for is nitrogen important?Essential for plant growth (protein, genetic info etc.)
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Where does nitrogen come from?Organic and inorganic sources.
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Where does organic matter come from?Humus, crop residues, manure, soil organisms
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Where does inorganic matter come from?After decomposition from organic matter and mineral fertilizers
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In which two ways can Nitrogen been picked up?By a mineral form (nitrate or ammonium)
Or via Passive uptak by water -
Can the losses from Nitrogen be large?Yes, by leaching, denitrification, ammonia volatilisation
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Wherefore does SOM have multiple functions?For soil quality, crop production and environmental quality
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Are the changes with
SOM small or big andsteady or notsteady ?Small andsteady -
What is difficult with SOM and what is better to prevent?Compensation
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Do all additions of Organic Matter build up SOM?No
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What
happens with <1 year with SOMBreakdown, food for soil organisms andN-availability -
What happens >1 year with SOM?Present, effective organic matter, builds up SOM
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What is most important to the release (mineralisation) of N and SOrganic Matter
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When is the release of OM most likely?If soil is moist (vochtig) warm and well aerated (goes gelaagd)
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Where does the OM and mineral release process depend on?Properties of soil solution and microbial activities
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What are the 7functions of catch crops/green manure? (vanggewas en groenbemesters)
- Improving evaporation (verdamping) and infilitration (filtratie)
- Soil cover
- Nitrogen recovery and availability
- Activates soil organisms and soil health
- inhibits (some) nematodes (wormen)
- Weed control
- Adds organic matter
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Are there changes in SOM?No general trend changes in SOM
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How is SOM managed?Via fertilisation, cropping systems and tillage (grond bewerking)
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About how much year(s) is accounting (bewerking) better? One or several years?Several years
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What are mineral fertilizers for grasslands or maize (nitrogen)KAS (kalkammonsalpeter)
Ureum (less common, converted into ammonium) -
What are organic fertilizers on grasslands or maize (nitrogen)Dairy manure (slurry)
Farm yard manure (with straw), pig manure -
Which fields do mostly get more fertilizers? And why?High producing fields, so they keep on producing
low producing fields, so they improve -
How to cut (bezuinig) on fertilisation?Reduce n-rate proportionally (inverhouding) to n-mineralisation
Apply equal (gelijk) N-rate to all fields, irrespective (ongeacht) of N-mineralisatie -
What are two similarities between Phosphate (P) and Nitrogen (N)
- Made available from OM by soil Organisms
- Environmental issues
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Laatst toegevoegde flashcards
What are three facts from stable organic matter (humus)
- Hardly broken down
- maintains soil structure
- water-holding capacity
Fungi eat 'slow food'
What are three facts from fresh' ýoung' organic matter?
- Easily mineralised
- gives plants nutrients
- broken down in 1 year
Bacteria eat fast food
What is vermicomposting?
- The process by which worms are used to convert organic materials into a humus like material know as vermicompost.
- Defines worm Eisenia fetida
What are three facts about the common earthworm?
- Up to 10 years of age
- eats surface
- lives in vertical tubes, several meters deep -> air
What are three facts about the grey worm?
- Fast grower
- may reach quite a few years in age
- eat vertically -> good for structure
What are two soil engineers (grond verbouwers)
- Aporrectodea calliginosa (grey worm)
- Lumbricus terrestris (common earthworm/pendelaar)
What is the function of Mycorrhiza (samenleving van schimmels en planten)?
Is able to absorb P that is not available to plant roots
In symbiosis (langdurig samenleven )with plant ( exchange for sugars)
In symbiosis (langdurig samenleven )with plant ( exchange for sugars)
What is a special soil life (bacteria)? And where does it lives?
Rhizobium bacteria- lives in clover nodules
Why does the temperature depend in the Rhizobium bacteria?
Later start of crop growth in spring as compared to mineral fertiliser
Where does N transfer to?
From N to grass