Samenvatting - Class notes - Nutritional Neurosciences

• 1609714800 L1+L2

• • Food is necessary for survival 
    
  • Food is a primary reward
  • Food digestion/absorption is a homeostatic challenge!
  • A primary brain function is maintaining homeostasis
  • The brain strives to automate responses & minimise cognitive 'interference' 
• You eat with your brain
• Where is the human nervous system build off?

  • Central nervous system 
    
  • Brain 
  • Spinal cord
  • Peripheral nervous system 
  • Peripheral nerve
• Name the 8 blood vessels in the brain

  • Common carotid
    
  • External carotid
  • Internal carotid
  • Vertebral 
  • Basilar
  • Posterior cerebral 
  • Middel cerebral 
  • Anterior cerebral 
• Besides the 8 blood vessels in the brain you also have the circle of Willis, what is this?

  It is a kind of roundabout. All the blood goes via this...? If there is a blockade somewhere the circle of willis can still provide blood to go to the region. 
  
  green part in the picture ...?
• Blood brings 3 things to the brain:

  • Glucose
    
  • Oxygen
  • Hormones / signalling molecules

  
  
  (antibodies/co2)
• The brain exists of three things

  • Forebrain 
    
  • Brainstem 
  • Cerebellum 
• The brainstem consists of:

  • Midbrain 
    
  • Pons
  • Medulla 
• What are the brain stem functions?

  • Reward processing 
    
  • Processing gut signals 
  • Control of heart and breathing rate 

  
  
  (Motor control NIET)
• Brainstem 
  
  
  

  • Receives/processes multiple GI signals 

  
  
  

  • Midbrain:
    
  • Autonomic functions 
  • Substantia nigra & VTA contain dopamine neurons ->reward circuit
• What are the functions of the Cerebellum (small brain)

  • Motor control:
  • classis - well established
  • Cognitive functions:
  • Mounting evidence (=steeds meer bewijs)
  • Feeding control:
  • Mounting evidence (=steeds meer bewijs)

  
  
  May link somatic and visceral systems. Under investigation....
• The forebrain consists of (is divided in):

  • Cerebral cortex
    
  • Basal ganglia
  • Diencephalon
• One part of the forebrain is the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided in:

  Two hemispheres
  

  • 4-5 lobes
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Limbic 'lobe' / limbic system 
  • connected by the corpus callosum
• Why is the white matter white?

  Because of myelin 
  
  White inside, gay outside
• One part of the forebrain is diencephalon, in which two parts is diencephalon divided?

  • Thalamus 
    
  • Hypothalamus 
• What are the terms to navigate the brain?

  • Medial: near the midline
    
  • Middle
  • Lateral: near the outer edge

  
  
  

  • Dorsal = superior
  • Ventral = interior 
• Where is this blob located?

  Ventromedial
• There are three ways to slice the brain

  • Transverse = axial 
    
  • Coronal 
  • Sagittal 
• Two ways to view the brain

  • Radiological (R=L): upward from the feet 
    
  • Neurological (R=R): downward from the head ("brain surgeon view")
• Hoe kan je er zeker van zijn dat je weet welke kant links en welke kant rechts is van het brein

  Door het toevoegen van een marker
• In what kind of ways is there brain nomenclature options

  • Brodmann areas
    
  • Anatomical label 
  • Anatomical location 
  • Functional name 
  • (Cytoarchitectonic name)
• Brain atlases - 'standard space'

  
  

  • Common reference 
    
  • Needed for 'pooling' brains in group analyses 
  • 'normalization' = warping 
• Talairach space

  • Founder: Jean Talairach
    
  • Based on the brain of one 60-y old French woman
  • Talairach & Tournoux atlases

  
  
  

  • 3D; stereotaxic coordinate system
  • Origin at Anterior Commissure (=midsagittal), Ac-PC line is the y-axis, should be horizontal

  
  
  Nadeel: gebaseerd op 1 brein 
• MNI space

  • Montreal Neurological Institute space: MNI space
    
  • Roughly equivalent to Talairach space, same origin 
  • Brain templates based on average anatomical MRI's of healthy right-handed volunteers acquired by the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM; n=305 / 152 / 452)
• What are the notes on atlases

  • Very useful, but:
  • There is great inter individual aeration in
  • Sulci and gerij: every cortex is unique
  • Size of ventricles
  • Affected by many factors
  • --> Group-specific (MNI) templates
  • --> Probability atlases
• Gender differences in brain morphology and function can be substantial!
• What are the gender differences

  • Greatest effects in regions affected by sex hormones during brain development 
    
  • Several fMRI studies show effect of menstrual cycle/sex hormones on food reward responses
• Diet has also effect on the brain
• What is the biggest lobe? And wat are the functions of this lobe?

  Frontal lobe
  
  

  • Stimulus evaluation, decision making
  • Controlling movement - planning behaviour
• What are the relevant subparts of the frontal lobe?

  • Orbitofrontal cortex 
    
  • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  • Medial prefrontal cortex 
• Which lobe is next to the frontal lobe? And what are its functions

  Parietal lobe
  
  

  • Somatosensory processing
  • Controls 'bodily sensations'
  • Visual processing (dorsal stream = 'where')
• Where is the temporal lobe located? And what are its functions

  • Auditory processing 
    
  • Visual processing (ventral stream = 'what')
  • Hippocampus (limbic area)
• Where is the occipital lobe located? And what are its function(s)

  Visual processing
• Where is the insula located?

  • Insular cortex (insula = island)
    
  • Hidden in the lateral sulcus
  • Concealed by parts of frontal, parietal & temporal lobes
  • Operculum = 'lid' e.g. Frontal operculum
• What are the functions of the insula

  • 'limbis' area, emotion, interception, homeostasis
  • anterior insula: olfactory, gustatory and limbic function; subjective feelings
  • posterior insula: perception of bodily sensations, e.g. Pain, visceral sensations, gastric distension
  • key connecting area. Connects with S2, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ...
• What is the '5th lobe' ? And what are its functions

  Limbic system 
  
  

  • Subcortical 
  • Emotion, learning, motivation, autonomic functions
  • Key players: amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

  
  
  

  • other/associated areas include
  • Basal ganglia ('reward')
  • Orbitofrontal cortex
  • Piriform cortex (smell)
• Which limbic brain structure is this?

  Hippocampus
• What are the functions of the hippocampus and there is it located

  • Hippocampus = 'sea horse'
  • Location: medial temporal lobe 
    
  • Formation of memories
  • Forming associations; (dietary) learning
  • Spatial navigation 
• What are the functions of amygdala and where are they located?

  • 'almond'
  • controls autonomic, emotional and sexual behaviour 
  • Fear, arousal - emotion (unpleasant as well as pleasant)
  • Couples learned cues to adaptive response 
  • Valence (relevance); e.g. Hunger modulates Am response to food stimuli 
• What is the location of the basal ganglia and what are its functions

  • Motor control!
    
  • Reward processing - approach/avoidance
  • Striatum = putamen + pallidum + caudate
  • Dorsal striatum
  • Ventral striatum
  • nucleus accumens --> 'hedonic hotspot'
• Where is the Thalamus located

  Sensory relay
• Where is the hypothalamus located and what are its functions?

  • Homeastasis!
    
  • Integration with hormones
  • Energy intake regulation 
  • Hunger
  • Thirst
  • Much more; stress, slee, ...
• 5 characteristics of the hypothalamus

  • Integration of neural and hormonal signals 
    
  • Sensitive to glucose
  • Sensitive to blood-borne hormones e.g.: insulin, leptin, gherkin, PYY, CCK, GLP-1
  • Multiple neuropeptides e.g.: NPY, AgRP/POMC, alfaMSH
  • Implicated in energy intake regulation; hunger (lat), satiety (vm)
• Spinal cord consists of ...

  • Cranial nerves - ascending and descending white matter tracts 
    
  • (dorsal horn) - sensory and interneurons
    
  • (ventral horn) - motor neurons that project to muscles
    
• How many cranial nerves are there?

  • 12 cranial nerves 
    
  • Receptor cells --> sensors, 'senses'
  • Autonomic & somatic part 

  
  
  

  1. Olfactory 
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal 
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. auditory 
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. spinal accessory 
  12. hypoglossal 
• Where does the autonomic nervous system contains of?

  • Parasympathetic
    
  • Rest & digest/maintenance
  • Acetylcholine
  • Sympathetic
  • Action (fight/flight/freeze)
  • Norepinephrine (=noradrenaline)
  • Enteric nervous system 
• Peripheral nervous sytem -->

  • Sensory perception, nutrient sensing --> cephalic phase responses
    
  • Most relevant nerves: 'sensory' nerves in the head and the vagus nerve (X)
• What is needed for vision?

  • Cranial nerve II
    
  • Thalamic nuclei 
  • Primary & secondary visual cortex in occipital & temporal/parietal lobe 
  • Visual processing e.g. Attention is modulated by frontal cortex; top-down control
• Which regions will get active when looking at food?

  • Visual cortex
    
  • Posterior insula
  • Amygdala
  • Orbitofrontal cortex 

  
  
  Modulators:
  

  • Hunger
  • BMI
  • Attention 
• How is the olfaction registered?

  • Olfactory nerve (CN I)
    
  • Olfactory bulb --> tract
  • Piriform cortex
  • Orbitofrontal cortex (insula, amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, thupthalamus 

  
  
  Geur gaat direct de hersenen in en komt niet via de thalamus eerst