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• 1 Hap 2 - atp

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• Mass flow of nutrients - immaterial output

  - maintenace of body heat, energy (atp
  - Input to waste (co2, urea)

• Mass flow of nutrients - material output

  - growing/producing body --> storage of muscle mass/triglycerides
  - input to product --> muscle/fast storage

• Gross energy - CH

  - Cellulose --> approx. 17.4 kJ/g
  - Amylose --> 17.4 kJ/g
  - Maltose --> 2 x 2816 = 5632/342 (2x180-18(H2O)) = 16.47 kJ/g
  - Glucose --> 2816 / 180 (mW) = 15.6 kJ/g

• Metabolisable energy - CH

  Cellulose --> 0, CANNOT be metabolised
  Amylose
  Maltose
  Glucose

• ATP formation by substrate level phosphorylation

  Example glycolysis
  --> conversion of glucose into end product pyruvate

• ATP in transport of materials --> ATP-binding cassette transporters

  - Unphosphorylated carier protein close transport pore
  - Phosphorylation of carrier protein opens transport pore
  - Transport of substrate causes dephosphorylation of carrier protein and close transport pore

• ATP in transport of materials --> proton gradiënt and sodium pump

  Sodium is linked to active transport
  Example with glucose uptake and export waste

• ATP in transport of materials --> metabolic trapping

  When glucose enters the cell, glucose-6-P is unable to get out of cell (metabolic trapping)
  - Because of nett accumulation of glucose inside cell -> phosphorylation to glucose-6-P --> cannot cross the membrane

• ATP in endothermic reactions - phosphorylation of the enzyme

  Phosphorylation can be activation or inactivation of protein
  - Example PDHC phosporylation --> where pyruvate is converted into acetylCoA (by the PDHC complex) --> inactive by kinases (phosphorylation) and active by phosphatases (presents of pyruvate)

• Electron transport chain in inner mitochondrial membrane

  Produce free radicals