Read the summary and the most important questions on IID

• 1 Innate immuntity

• What are the components of innate immunity?

  1. Cells
  - Epithelial barriers – Defensins and cathelicidins (antibiotics)
  • Phagocytes and other cells – Macrophages – Neutrophils – Dendritic cells
  • Specialized lymphocytes with limited diversity (“innate lymphoid cells”) – NK cells, iNKT cells – B1 and Marginal Zone B cells
  2. Soluble components - Complement, pentraxins (CRP), collectins (MBL), cytokines/chemokines (e.g. TNF/IL-8)

• 1.1 Phagocytosis

• Which cells are capable of phagocytosis?

  Monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. 
  In special circumstances, eosinophils, B-cells and epithelial cells are also able to do phagocytosis

• What are the stages of phagocytosis?

  1. Recognition
  2. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  3. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
  4. Formation of a phagosome
  5. Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome ot form a phagolysosome
  6. Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
  7. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  8. Discharge of waste materials

• 1.1.1 Pinocytosis

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• What is the function of pinocytosis?

  Bring in nutrients and aid cell osmoregulation

• What is the mechanism of pinocytosis

  The internalisation of molecules by non-specific invagination of the plasma membrane dependent on external concentration

• 1.3 Receptors

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• What are the ligands of TLR-2: TLR-6 heterodimer?

  - Lipomannans (mycobacteria)
  - Lipoproteins (diacyl lipopeptides; triacyl lipopeptides)
  - Lipoteichoic acids (gram-positive bacteria)
  - Cell-wall beta-glucans (bacteria and fungi)
  - Zymosan (fungi)

• What are the ligands of TLR-3?

  Double-stranded RNA (viruses), poly I:C

• What are the ligands of TLR-4 (plus MD-2 and CD14)?

  - LPS (Gram-negative bacteria)
  - Lipoteichoic acids (Gram-positive bacteria)

• What is the ligand of TLR-9?

  DNA with unmethylated CpG (bacteria and herpesviruses)

• What is the ligand of TLR-10?

  Unknown (human only)