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Samenvatting - Reader Biology of Domestic Animals
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1.1.1 Function of the egg
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Dimensions o
f animal eggs vary widely between species, this is linked to quantity of theyolk . -
What is the function of the egg?To provide a closed environment and the nutrients for an (bird)embryo to develop.
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1.1.2 Egg production
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What species is mostly used for egg production?Chicken mostly but also some ducks and geese
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What was the first industrial housing system for egg production?The battery cage, before this chickens could roam around freely.
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What
housing systems are used now?Enriched cages,free-range or aviary barns. -
1.1.3 Structure off eggs
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What does the egg consist of? 4-the yolk
-egg white
-shell membranes
-the shell -
The composition of the egg determines the degree of development in the young emerging from the egg.
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The smaller the yolk, the less developed the young the emerges is.
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Egg structure
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What is the function of the germinal disk?ALways faces upwards regardless of te eggs position.
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1.1.4 The chemical composition of the egg
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Egg white
consists of water on a very large extent and contains a lower percentage ofprotein that theyolk . -
What is the most common protein in the egg white?Ovalbium, this lends a firm structure to cakes and custard when used in food.
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What does the yolk mostly consist of?Lipids, saturated fatty acid chains,, phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins.
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1.1.5 Quality of eggs
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Freshness tests:candling , fresh eggs allow light to pass through it and theyolk isdimly visible .- shaking, in a fresh egg nothing is heard. In an old egg you can hear the
insides shaking. - Bowl of salt water, the fresh egg remains at the bottom. The older an egg is the more it stands up in the water.
- Fresh egg will have a lot of thick egg white.
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What characteristics are checked for external egg quality? 31.
Size andweight
2.Shape andappearance , egg shape is determined by the shape index, appearance is the colour and purity of the shell.
3.Shell strength , is important because almost 7% of the eggs are lost due to breakage. -
What characteristics are checked for internal egg quality? 31. Yolk colour, depends on customers wishes.
2. Blood and meat spots, they are found undesirable by the customer.
3. Quality of egg white, layer of thick white close to the yolk and an edge of thin white further out. Thick white is measure whith Haugh Units. -
1.2.1 Formation of the egg
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A modern laying hen can lay continue to lay eggs without
mating or even in the absence of arooster . -
What does tthe procustion process for an egg depend on?Hormone synchronisation and balances.
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The hormonal cycle of the hen is under influence o
f FSH and LH. -
What does FSH do?FSH promotes yolk formation and the growth of the follicles in the ovarium.
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What does LH do?Once a follicle is ripe, the LH ensures
ovulation . The ovulation takes place 8-10 hours after release of LH. -
Steps in egg production:
FSH promotesyolk formation and growth offollicles .- Once a follicle is ripe
LH is released. - AFter 8-10 hours
ovulation occurs. - Egg enters the
funnel (infundibulum) of the eggguide (oviduct) - The
oviduct is stimulated byhormones of theovarium at the appropriate moment to recieve the egg cell. - During the passage through the
oviduct the egg cell is surrounded by eggwhite . - At the end of the
oviduct (isthmus ), the egg is surrounded by twoshell membranes. - Calciums shell is deposited around the egg in the shell gland(uterus).
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How is egg white formed?Egg white is formed by the glands in the wall of the oviduct.
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Faults in the system
often result in abnormal eggs. -
When do
errors in the egg production process mostlyoccur ?At the start of the lay with young birds,overstressed hens or as a result of disease or feedingerrors .
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Laatst toegevoegde flashcards
When do errors in the egg production process mostly occur?
At the start of the lay with young birds, overstressed hens or as a result of disease or feeding errors .
Whatis the process of vision in three steps?
- Light enters the eye, and the lens focusses light on the retina
- Photoreceptors of the retina transduce light energy into an electrical signal.
- Neural pathways form retina to brain process electrical signas into visual images.
What is the process of vision in three steps?
- Light enters the eye, and the lens focusses light on the retina.
- Photoreceptors of the retina transduce light energy into an electrical signal
- Neural pathways form retina to brain process electrical signals into visual images.
What are parts of a reflex arc?
- Receptor
- Afferent neuron; sensory neuron, carries stimuli to the central nervous system.
- Central Nervous system; synaptic connections are made here between sens neurons and interneurons.
- Efferent neuron; motor neuron, carries stimuli from the CNS
- Effector with this the animal responds to environmental changes.
What is a reflex arc?
Reflex arcs are neurons which work in groups and contain at least two neurons.
What are the 5 most well known sense organs and what is their function?
- Eye ->
responds to light - Ear ->
responds to sound - Nose ->
responds to smell - Mouth ->
responds toflavour - Skin ->
responds to pressure
What are the sources of variantion?
Hereditary predisposition ; certain hens just lay larger eggs than othersAge of the hen; size of an egg increases over the laying cycleLocation of the laying series; first egg is usually the heaviestBody size ; larger hens lay larger eggsIntensity of laying cycle; high production hens lay smaller eggsTemperature ; high temperature cause decline in egg weightFeed ; nutrients may influence egg size
How is the intensity of the lay determined?
The intensity of the lay is determined by the length of the laying series, the length of pauses between the laying series and the regularity of the laying series. So the number of productive days per laying cycle. This is mostly genetically determined.
How is sexual maturity measured?
- Light, increasing day length advances sexual maturity.
- Genetics
How is the start of the lay influenced?
The starting time of the lay is a measure of the sexual maturity of the hen.