Read the summary and the most important questions on Systems Engineering

• 2 Systems Thinking

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• ! Was ist ein System? Welche Bestandteile hat das System?

  A combination of interacting elements organized to achieve one or more stated purposes. 
  An integrated set of elements, subsystems, or assemblies that accomplish a defined objective. These elements include products (software, hardware, firmware), processes, people, information, techniques, facilities, services & other support elements.
  System means...
  

  • A closed composition of related parts/elements
    
  • Every system is a collection of parts/elements
    
  • Parts/elements are a collection of functions and attributes
    => Parts/elements can also be small systems
    
  • Relations are exchanges of information or material resources between parts or systems
  • Systems can be defined as subsystems and general systems

• ! Was ist ein SOI?

  System of Interest (SOI), the system whose lifestyle is under consideration

• ! Was ist ein System of Systems? What are the challenges for the development of SOS?

  System of systems applies to a system‐of‐interest whose system elements are themselves systems; typically these entail large scale inter‐disciplinary problems with multiple, heterogeneous, distributed systems.
  
  By working together the systems generate greater benefits than by the use of every system on its own. 
  
  Challenges:
  

  • system elements operate independently
    
  • system elements have different life cycles
    
  • the initial requirements are likely to be ambiguous (mehrdeutig)
  • complexity is a major issue
    
  • management can overshadow engineering
    
  • fuzzy (unscharfe) boundaries cause confusion
    
  • SoS engineering is never finished 

• Was ist ein (System) Element?

  • a member of a set of elements that constitutes a system
    
  • a major product, service, or facility of the system, e.g. the aircraft element of an air transportation system
    

• What is a blackbox?

  • The blackbox is a useful tool for focusing on effort & result of a (modern) system to reduce the complexity.
  • The system or systems inside the blackbox are faded out (ausblenden).

• What is a whitebox?

  • If the relations between effort and result are important the view is called Whitebox-System.
  • Effort and Result are less important than the step between them.
    
  • These systems are often signed with a high complexity.
    

• What is a greybox?

  A greybox is a blackbox with certain subsystems or parts which are viewed like in a whitebox.

• ! Was ist das Systemumfeld? Welches Modell wird hierbei verwendet?

  • Eine Systemgrenze ist eine beliebig oder absichtlich ausgewählte Grenze zwischen System und seinem Umfeld.
    
  • Die Systemgrenze definiert das System of Interest (SOI).

  => Eine angemessene Systemgrenze festzulegen ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben eines Systems Engineers.
  

  • System Borders are made to separate a system from its environment or other systems
  • System Borders are always created by the point of view on a system
    => Borders can vary if aspects of the systems are changed
  • Many systems have relations to its environment (open system)
    
  • Relations are occurring more often inside a system than to parts outside of the system 

  
  => Umfeldmodell

• 2.1 System Views

• Welche Sichten und Standpunkte gibt es?

  different view point have different system views

• 3 System Life Cycle

• 3.1 (System) Life Cycle

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• ! Was bedeutet Systems Integrity? Wie baut sich der Lebenszyklus auf?

  System integrity requires that these 3 aspects are in balance and given equal emphasis (Gleichgewicht) at all decision gate reviews.